Patent mapping

ABSTRACT

The present inventive subject matter provides systems, methods, software, and data structures for patent mapping, storage, and searching. Some such embodiments include mapping patent documents, claims, and claim limitations. Some further embodiments provide for searching a universe of patent documents by patent document, claim, limitation, class, element, or concept.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/610,332, filed May 31, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/958,113, filed Dec. 1, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,697,577, issued on Jul. 4, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/915,265, filed Aug. 10, 2004, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and to each of which priority is claimed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The inventive subject matter relates to patent mapping and more particularly to systems, software, methods and data structures for patent mapping.

BACKGROUND ART

Tools for identifying patents for a particular purpose such as a prior art search, validity analysis, or a freedom to operate investigation, operate by performing Boolean queries using various search operators. These operators allow for searching by date, terms, document number, and patent classification, among others. These tools further allow for searching individual document portions such as a document title, abstract, or claim set.

Other searching tools accept freeform text. Such tools accept a freeform text block and extract information from the text block deemed most likely to return acceptable results. However, such tools are still limited to only performing Boolean queries and displaying a list of results.

These search tools often provide large numbers of results, most of which are irrelevant. These tools fail to present results in a manner allowing for quick relevancy determinations. The presentation also fails to provide enough detail suggesting how to adjust a search for obtaining only relevant results. Further, the search tools provide the documents of the result set in a manner very similar to the traditional paper format of the documents.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of one example embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a system schematic diagram of one example embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a method flow diagram of one example embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a method flow diagram of one example embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a method flow diagram of one example embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a method flow diagram of one example embodiment.

DISCLOSURE

The inventive subject matter provides systems, software, methods, and data structures for patent mapping, searching, and display to quicken analysis of patent documents for virtually any purpose. Various example embodiments of the inventive subject matter assist practitioners in producing higher quality work product by reducing irrelevant search results, leaving more time and money to focus on the more important analysis. Some further embodiments assist in analysis by interweaving patent documents and linking various portions of individual patent documents with other portions of the same document. Yet further embodiments assist in analyzing patent documents by identifying similarities and differences between one or more patent documents or portions thereof.

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the inventive subject matter can be practiced. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The leading digit(s) of reference numbers appearing in the Figures generally corresponds to the Figure number in which that component is first introduced, such that the same reference number is used throughout to refer to an identical component which appears in multiple Figures. Signals and connections may be referred to by the same reference number or label, and the actual meaning will be clear from its use in the context of the description.

The inventive subject matter herein, in one example embodiment is useful to conduct a patent clearance study to clear a large number of components and assemblies of interest. Such a large scale clearance project presents a number of challenges and opportunities.

When performing such a study of a large number of patent documents, such as United States and foreign patents and patent applications, the same patent documents need to be screened many times against a wide range of assemblies and components. This can lead to considerable wasted effort unless a well structured approach is taken. Further, the sheer volume of the work creates a special incentive to devise a triage system of review, wherein as much of the work as possible can be done by the least expensive resources. Efficient methodologies of review can be implemented using the inventive subject matter to not only produce relevant results, but also to control cost.

Projects, such as patent clearance studies, often do not capture knowledge that can be re-used as a resource at a later point in time either within the parameters of the clearance study or for other purposes. The inventive subject matter provides a process and system that retains at least some of the knowledge gained through the study, in an accessible manner.

In the present example embodiment, a pool of patent documents to be mapped and screened is identified using various techniques. Some such techniques include identifying patent documents by assignee, patent class, keyword searches, inventor information such as name or city and state of residence, title, or other information within patent documents or other source of data related to patent documents. New patent documents can be added or subtracted from this pool while mapping is in progress, or at a later date when the patent pool or clearance study is updated.

In some embodiments, depending on the requirements of a patent clearance study, at least the independent claims of each patent document within the identified patent pool will be mapped using a computer system and software operating on the system. In some embodiments, the mapping includes assigning a reusable concept to a patent claim as a whole, termed the “claim concept,” the claim concept being broad enough to encompass the broadest possible reading of the claim. For example, if the claim is directed to a dog with a red tail, the claim concept may be “dog,” or a mapper may assign it to the claim concept “animal,” depending on preferences, experience, breadth of the clearance study, or requirements. Further concepts may be mapped to claim elements or limitations. These concepts are termed “limitation concepts,” and, in essence, define limits on the scope of the claim concept(s) assigned to a claim as a whole. For example, the limitation concept “red tail” may be mapped to the example claim. Or, the claim directed to a dog with a red tail may be mapped to both claim concepts “dog” and “animal,” and a further concept tail.

Further, claim concepts, or limitation concepts, may be arranged or structured in a hierarchical fashion, with multiple levels. For instance, the claim concept “dog” may be structured as a sub-concept of “animal.” “Red tail” may be structured as a sub-concept of “tail.”

In some embodiments, after the claim is mapped to one or more claim concepts, the limiting elements are mapped. These limitations are found in the preamble and/or body of claim. First, limitations of interest in the claim are identified. In some embodiments, not all limitations need be mapped. Limitations of interest may be highlighted, or otherwise selected or annotated. The highlighted limitations are then mapped, or associated, with one or more reusable limitation concepts kept in a concept catalog or index or other data structure. The catalog may also contain reusable claim concepts. If the catalog does not contain a suitable limitation concept to map to, a new limitation concept is added to the catalog “on the fly” or at a later time. Periodically the catalog is reviewed and similar claim or limitation concepts are merged together when possible to limit the size of the concept catalog. In some embodiments, a patent claim with one or two particularly narrow limitations may only require mapping of the one or two limitations to corresponding limitation concepts, in order to capture the most salient information concerning the claim's scope.

Within any given patent document there are often many claims with similar limitations. Once a claim is mapped in a given patent, the mapping software may analyze each successive claim chosen for mapping and suggest mappings based on the way the previous claim(s) in the patent document have been mapped. Automated suggestions may also be made using mappings established for claims in other patent documents. Using this tool, mapping is both greatly accelerated and also made more uniform.

In some embodiments, a screening tool is used to rule out patent documents that are not of interest to a target subject matter. A target subject matter to be screened, in various embodiments, includes any patentable subject matter, such as a method, apparatus, or composition of matter, whether actual or hypothetical. In some embodiments, the process of using the screening tool includes opening a screening activity data structure and identifying a target subject matter to be screened, for example, by typing in a description of the subject matter into a field or alternatively picking it from a preexisting list. A pool of patent documents to screen is also assembled or identified. Patent documents to be screened may be added to the pool based on such search criteria as one or more of assignee, patent classification, keyword, inventor or other data identifiable in a patent document, or by any other selection criteria. All these methods or others may be used to identify a pool of patent documents to screen the target subject matter against. Alternatively, in addition, one or more claim concepts in the catalog may be identified, such that the identified claim concepts are broad enough to cover the target subject matter. The one or more claim concepts may be used to create a pool of limitation concepts to be screened, wherein the claims mapped to these concepts are added to the pool. If claims are identified for screening based on a claim concept, then the parent patent document containing the identified claims may also be added to the pool. Alternatively, the pool may be formed only of claims to be screened and not necessarily every claim of any patent that has a claim in the pool.

The following embodiment assumes that a pool of patent documents is initially assembled for screening and in turn the pool of claims to be screened belong to these patent documents. The claim concepts or limitation concepts associated with the identified pool of patents (and associated claims to which the concepts are mapped) to be screened are assembled into a concept pool for use in screening the patent documents in view of the target subject matter. A screener then reviews the concepts in the concept pool, ruling out any concepts that are not found in the target subject matter. Concepts may be marked as “definitely not in target subject matter”, “maybe in target subject matter”, or “don't know.” If a concept is marked “definitely not found in target subject matter”, then any claim mapped to that concept may be ruled out. If desired, in a software implementation, the inventive subject matter may require multiple concepts to be ruled “definitely not found” for any given claim to be ruled out.

In order to speed screening, the concepts in the pool being mapped may be reduced as follows. Once a concept is marked “definitely not in target subject matter”, the screening software rules out all claims that are mapped to the eliminated concept. Any concepts that are solely mapped to the ruled out claims may then be marked “removed from consideration.” Some embodiments also include annotating ruled out claims or concepts as to why the claims or concepts ruled out were removed (e.g., which claim was ruled out to eliminate them). This annotating is in a data structure related to the concept as it applies to the particular target subject matter being analyzed. Using this process, the pool of concepts to be reviewed is reduced both by the action of ruling out concepts and by the corresponding elimination of concepts removed from consideration. In one embodiment, claim concepts may be the first concepts screened, allowing for a “high level” elimination of claims. For example, if the claim concept “dog” is ruled out, then all claims mapped to this claim concept may be ruled out. In turn, all limitation concepts mapped solely to ruled out claims are also eliminated from consideration.

In some embodiments, once all concepts in the concept pool are reviewed, there are assorted outputs that are preferably kept in a data structure. The first output includes a record of the screening. The record of the screening includes marking each concept with a status, such as: “definitely not in target subject matter”, “maybe in target subject matter”, “don't know”, or “removed from consideration.” This record can be revisited, reviewed, or edited. The second output includes a list of claims that are not applicable to the target subject matter. For example, any claim ruled out is added to the list of claims that are not applicable to the subject of the target subject matter. This list flows from the status of each concept and in turn the claims the concept belongs to. The third output includes a list of patent documents that are not applicable to the target subject matter. Any patent document with all claims ruled out is added to this list of non-applicable patent documents. This list flows from the status of each claim within a parent patent. The third output includes a list of all claims that are not definitively ruled out in the screening process. The fourth output is a list of patent documents or claims not ruled out. This is a list of all patent documents that are not definitively ruled out in the screening process. There may also be a list of claims removed from consideration. These outputs may be presented as paper reports or as on-line reports or displays which allow a user to drill through the eliminated concepts, claims or patent documents, or to view the supporting patent specification or portions thereof for a ruled out or ruled in patent document.

Another output is specific to a patent or a family or other groups of patents. This output may be an index to the mapped claims in the patent or group. For instance, the index may list all mapped claim concepts and/or limitation concepts with applicable claim numbers indicated for each concept. Concepts appearing in all claims may be highlighted. Another output may be a hierarchy chart or diagram showing concept/sub-concept relationships. These outputs may be paper or online with interactive hyper-links to claims.

In some embodiments, mapping of patent documents and claims is semi-automated. In addition, mapping personnel can be trained to identify esoteric or narrow limitations in claims and map only those limitations. This reduces mapping time for inherently narrow patent claims. To screen out possibly applicable patent documents, the process only requires that limitations be mapped to a concept that is at least as broad as the limitation. It is not problematic that the mapping is to an overbroad concept because the screening process is intended only to eliminate patents or claims from consideration and not to positively identify patents that are infringed. Thus, these types of “false positives” are not a problem when using the tool, as the false positives can be ruled out by further review or study.

Screening can also be accomplished in reverse. That is, concepts applicable to the target subject matter can be identified as “present” or “maybe present.” This process will identify potential claims that cover the target subject matter. However, this process would ideally require that all limitations in a claim be mapped accurately to concepts so as to not include a multitude of false positives or possibly false negatives.

In some embodiments, software and systems, according to the inventive subject matter herein, is web-based and accessible with a user name and password. Subscribers to such systems and software may receive a license to use the software for an individual project, a period of time, or on a pay-per-access or pay-per-unit of time basis.

FIG. 1 shows a functional block diagram of one example embodiment of the inventive subject matter. This example embodiment illustrates software 100 for mapping and searching for patent documents. In some embodiments, the patent documents include one or both of patents and published patent applications. In some embodiments, the patent documents include United States patent documents, while other embodiments include international patent documents. The software 100 for mapping these patent documents includes a mapping unit 102, a data unit 104, a searching unit 106, and a search storage unit 108.

In some embodiments of the software 100, the mapping unit 104, the searching unit 106, and the search storage unit 108 work with associations of data between various portions of patent documents. Some such associations include two limitation concepts associated with a concept that defines a relationship between limitation concepts, termed “relational concept.” An example of such an association is, “A dog wags its tail.” The two limitation concepts are “dog” and “tail.” The relational concept is “wags.” Some patent claims may contain many of such associations. For example, “A dog wags its tail that is brown.” The first association is the same as before. The second association is between limitation concepts “tail” and “brown.” The second relational concept is “is.” “Is” in this context equates to “has color.”

In one embodiment, any type of concept may have an associated definition. For instance, dog may be defined as a “canine species having four legs.” As mentioned above, some claim concepts may be designated subordinate to other claim concepts, such as a processor concept that is subordinated to the concept of computers. In addition, a limitation concept may be designated as a subordinate concept to a claim concept or another limitation concept, for example, in a hierarchy. In some such embodiments, a subordinate concept can be designated as an inherent property of a concept. For instance, the limitation concept “head” may be designated an inherent property of “dog.” In other embodiments, a concept definition includes various properties of the concept that are inherent, such as a personal computer concept having an inherent property of a housing encasing a number of components. Other embodiments include concepts that are descriptive or actions such as “storing data” or “electronic funds transfer.” The “storing data” example might include a definition that encompasses databases, storage devices, or storage media. The “electronic funds transfer” might encompass banking, money, network, transfer, Federal Reserve, or EFS. Some embodiments of concept definitions include a glossary of words useful in identifying the concept.

In some embodiments, the mapping unit 102 operates to paraphrase one or more portions of patent claim elements or limitations, and map the paraphrase to a concept. In some embodiments, the paraphrased portion is a general idea derived from a claim that is implicit to the claim, but not explicitly stated in the claim. This paraphrasing in various embodiments includes mapping one or more concepts to a claim. In some such embodiments, a limitation concept is mapped to one or more claim limitations or elements. The mapping unit 102 then stores mapped patent documents and/or claims in the data unit 104. In some embodiments, a mapping utility is included in the mapping unit 102. This mapping utility extracts language from an unmapped patent claim and compares the extracted language against concept definitions and previously mapped patent claims to determine a likely mapping. In some such embodiments, the mapping utility makes a mapping recommendation through a user interface. In other embodiments, the utility operates in a batch mode and automatically maps patent claims.

In some embodiments, the data unit 104 operates to store output from the mapping unit 102 and provide data to the searching screening unit 106. The data unit 104 also stores data received from the search storage unit 108 and serves data to the search storage unit 108 when requested. In one such embodiment, the data unit 104 includes a database management system (DBMS) for storing and retrieving data. In some embodiments, the DBMS is a relational database management system (RDBMS). In some other embodiments, the data unit 104 includes storing data in a Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS). In some embodiments, the various units communicate with the data unit 104 using a language such as Structured Query Language (SQL) or eXtensible Markup Language (XML).

The searching unit 106 includes tools for extracting patent data in a useful manner from the data unit 104. In some embodiments, the starting point for searching is the entire universe of patent documents in the data unit 104. Documents in this universe, or pool, are eliminated based on input by a searcher. In some embodiments, this input includes eliminating concepts from consideration. In some embodiments, when concepts are eliminated, patent claims or documents containing solely eliminated concepts are removed from the universe.

The storage unit 108 performs functions for storing and retrieving search results obtained by the screening unit 106 in the data unit 104. In some embodiments, storing the search results includes storing various parameters used in search including eliminated concepts, or even a list of specific documents excluded from a search. In other embodiments, a listing of identified patent documents is stored. Some such embodiments also store search parameters such as eliminated concepts.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a system 200 according to one example embodiment of the inventive subject matter. The system 200 includes a processor 202 and a memory 204 holding the software 100 (as shown in FIG. 1). Some embodiments of the system 200 include an optional network interface 206 for accessing a network during execution of the software 100. In some such networked embodiments, the system is a client/server system where various portions of the software 100 are distributed across a network for performing various tasks required by the software. In some other networked embodiments, the system is a web-based system with software distributed across a network, such as a local or wide area network, an intranet, or the Internet, with various portions of the software distributed across the network. In some such web-based systems, a client computer causes the software 100 to execute through interaction with the software 100 through a client user process such as a web browser.

In some embodiments, the processor 202 represents a central processing unit (CPU) of any type of architecture, such as a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing), RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing), VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word), or hybrid architecture, although any appropriate processor may be used. The processor 202 executes instructions, such as instructions contained within the software 100. In some other embodiments, the processor is a graphics processor on a video card. The processor 202 in these embodiments also includes a control unit that organizes data and program storage in memory 204 and transfers data and other information in and out of the system 200 and to and from a network over the network interface 206 and other devices attached to the network. Although the system 200 is shown to contain only a single processor 202, the present inventive subject matter applies equally to systems 200 that include multiple processors 202 such as multiple CPUs, multiple graphics processors, and combinations of CPU and graphics processors.

The memory 204 of the system 200 holds the software 100 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The memory 204 represents one or more mechanisms for storing data. For example, the memory 204, in various embodiments, includes read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, and/or other volatile and non-volatile machine-readable media. In other embodiments, any appropriate type of storage device or memory 204 can be used. Although only one memory 204 is shown, multiple memories 204 and multiple types of storage devices can be present. In various embodiments, some or all of the software 100, or other items, can be stored on the same or on different memory 204 or storage devices. Furthermore, although the system 200 is drawn to contain the memory 204, the memory 204 or other storage device can be distributed across other systems 200 or computing devices operatively coupled to the system 200 over the network interface 206 such as by a network or other wired or wireless communication link such as a network.

FIG. 3 is a method 300 flow diagram of one example embodiment. The method 300 of this embodiment includes selecting a patent claim 302, associating the patent claim to a claim concept 304, and associating the elements of the claim to one or more limitation concepts 306. Selecting a patent claim 302 includes selecting a claim from a patent document for mapping.

Associating the patent claim to a claim concept 304 includes assigning a concept designation to the claim as a whole. In other words, the claim concept will ideally have a scope that is at least as broad or broader than the scope of subject matter covered by the claim. Some embodiments provide the ability to assign multiple claim concepts to a claim. Associating a limitation concept to a portion or element of the patent claim 306 includes assigning the limitation concept to a portion of the claim such as a single limitation, a phrase, an element, an individual word within the claim or a paraphrasing of the scope of one or more these portions. For example, consider a claim including the limitation, “a dog having a tail.” The claim as a whole could be assigned to a claim concept “mammal” or “canine.” The word “tail” could be assigned to a limitation concept “body part” or “appendage” or simply “tail.” It is not necessary, in alternate embodiments, that both claim concepts and limitation concepts be mapped. One or the other could suffice to permit screening. As a further example, the claim as a whole could be assigned to a claim concept “dog,” wherein a definition of the concept dog includes a tail.

The results of the associating 304 and 306 are stored to provide search users of a system, such as system 200 of FIG. 2, the ability to not only search for patent claims by concept, but also to screen patent claims by concept. Some such embodiments provide searchers the ability to pin point specific claims and claim language of interest or concern when performing a screen as part of a freedom to operate opinion.

Some further embodiments of the method 300 include associating a portion of the patent document, such as a portion of a description section, to a claim. Such an assigned portion, in some embodiments, is a portion of the description providing support for the patent claim, or element thereof. Some embodiments include associating one or more sentences of a description section to an individual claim element. This association information is stored to allow mappers or screeners quick reference to support and explanation of the various patent claims and claim elements in the patent documents when mapping or screening.

FIG. 4 is a method 400 flow diagram of one example embodiment. The method of this embodiment includes maintaining a database of concepts 402. The method 400 further includes maintaining a database of mapped patent claims, each claim including at least mapping to a concept 404. In other embodiments, a claim may only be assigned to a single claim concept and no elements or limitations in the claim are mapped. Or, a claim element may be mapped to a single limitation concept, and the claim as a whole not being mapped to a claim concept. Some such embodiments may further provide that the mapped elements being non-inherent elements of the mapped concept. For instance, if the claim concept is dog, inherent elements such as legs or head are not mapped to limitation concepts, as it is assumed that such elements have to be implicitly or explicitly present in the claim in order for it to be assigned to the claim concept dog. In some embodiments, the mapped patent claims include independent claims and not dependent claims.

FIG. 5 is a method 500 flow diagram of one example embodiment for assisted patent mapping. The method 500 of this embodiment includes comparing patent claim language with language of mapped patent claims 502 and suggesting a mapping for the patent claim language based on the comparing 504. In some other embodiments, the claim language is mapped according to a concept schema. In such embodiments, the claim language is compared against and mapped according to concept definitions. In some further embodiments, claim language is compared against both concept definitions and previously mapped claim language.

FIG. 6 is a method 600 flow diagram of one example embodiment for screening a universe or pool of patent documents. This pool may be arbitrarily selected from the available universe of mapped claims or patent documents. The method 600 includes generating a list of first claim or limitation concepts contained in the universe of patent claims 602 and eliminating irrelevant concepts 604. This embodiment further includes generating a list of remaining first concepts showing relationships, where applicable, between them 606 and eliminating irrelevant related concepts 608.

In some embodiments of the method 600, first concepts associated solely with eliminated relational concepts are eliminated upon elimination of the relational concept.

It is understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the inventive subject matter should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 

1. An information management system comprising: at least one computer system including: at least one central processing unit adapted to execute computer instructions; a memory; a database management system operative on the computer system to manage data; and wherein the at least one central processing unit and memory operatively coupled; machine-readable data managed at least in part by the database management system and stored at least in part in the memory, the machine-readable data including: machine-readable patent pool data stored in the memory, the pool data including machine readable data identifying a plurality of patent documents and at least some of the patent claims included in each patent document, wherein the patent document is published by a government entity; machine-readable user-defined limitation data representing the text of one or more user-defined limitations mapped to one or more of the patent claims, at least one of the user-defined limitations specifying a limit on the scope of one or more of the patent claims; machine-readable patent claim mapping data defining an association of user-defined limitation data to the data identifying the patent claims in order to represent a mapping of at least one of the user-defined limitations to at least one of the patent claims; and machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory, the computer instructions executable in the central processing unit to cause the computer system to: generate patent claim mapping data that associates at least one user-defined limitation to at least one patent claim, wherein the patent claim mapping data is generated in response to a selection by a user of the system of at least one of the user-defined limitations; generate claim screening data and record the claim screening data in the memory, the claim screening data specifying an indication of the applicability of one or more of the user-defined limitations to a target technology, the indication provided by a user of the system when using the system to screen the claims of the pool of patents; automatically determine if one or more of the patent claims represented by the patent claim data is not applicable to the target technology based at least in part on the claim screening data and the patent claim mapping data stored at least in part in the memory; and generate claim applicability data that specifies the applicability of one or more of the patent claims to the target technology based at least in part on screening data, the claim applicability data stored at least in part in the memory and identifying user defined limitations of the target technology that are not in the claims specified as not applicable.
 2. An information management system according to claim 1 further including a data structure stored at least in part in the memory, the data structure including data defining a hierarchy of the user-defined limitations, wherein at least some user-defined limitations are parents to other user-defined limitations that are children of the parent.
 3. An information management system according to claim 1 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the screening mode of operation to identify user-defined limitations that are applicable only to patent claims that have been determined inapplicable to the target technology, the identifying of the user-defined limitations determined at least in part based on the claim screening data and the claim mapping data.
 4. An information management system according to claim 1 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the mapping mode of operation to automatically determine if one or more user-defined limitations are applicable to a patent claim other than the claim or claims the user-defined limitation is already mapped to.
 5. An information management system according to claim 1 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the mapping mode of operation to enable a user of the system to either choose an existing user-defined limitation to map to a claim or to map a new user-defined limitation to a claim on-the-fly.
 6. An information management system according to claim 1 further wherein the user-defined limitations are organized in a catalog represented by the limitation data.
 7. An information management system according to claim 6 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate to enable a user to merge user-defined limitations in the catalog.
 8. An information management system according to claim 1 wherein the limitation data specifies a limit on the scope of a claim element of one of the claims.
 9. An information management system according to claim 1 wherein the limitation data specifies a limit on the overall scope of one of the claims.
 10. An information management system according to claim 1 wherein the limitation data specifies a limit on the scope of a claim element of one of the claims, and the claim element narrows the scope of the claim relatively more than another one of the claim elements for the one of the claims.
 11. A information management system comprising: at least one computer system including: at least one central processing unit adapted to execute computer instructions; a memory; a data organization system operative on the computer system to organize data; and wherein the at least one central processing unit and the memory are operatively coupled; machine-readable data managed at least in part by the data organization system and stored at least in part in the memory, the machine-readable data including: machine-readable patent pool data stored at least in part in the memory, the pool data including machine readable data identifying a plurality of patent documents and at least some of the patent claims included in each patent document, wherein the patent document is a published United States patent document or an international patent document; machine-readable user-defined limitation data representing the text of one or more user-defined limitations mapped to one or more of the patent claims, at least one of the user-defined limitations specifying a limit on the scope of one or more of the patent claims; and machine-readable patent claim mapping data defining an association of user-defined limitation data to the data identifying the patent claims in order to represent a mapping of at least one of the user-defined limitations to at least one of the patent claims, wherein the patent claim mapping data includes a catalog of limitation concepts for the at least one patent claim, and wherein a user interface is presented via the information management system for modification of the catalog of limitation concepts; and periodically reduce the size of the catalog of limitation concepts by merging one or more of the limitation concepts; and machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in a screening mode of operation to: generate claim screening data and record the claim screening data in the memory, the claim screening data specifying an indication of the applicability of the user-defined limitations to a target technology, the indication provided by a user of the system when using the system to screen the claims of the pool of patents; automatically determine if one or more of the patent claims represented by the patent claim data is not applicable to the target technology based at least in part on the claim screening data that includes data identifying at least one user-defined limitation as non-applicable and the patent claim mapping data stored at least in part in the memory; and generate claim applicability data that specifies the applicability of one or more of the patent claims to the target technology based at least in part on the screening data, the claim applicability data stored at least in part in the memory and identifying user defined limitations of the target technology that are not in the claims specified as not applicable.
 12. An information management system according to claim 20 further including a data structure stored at least in part in the memory, the data structure including data defining a hierarchy of the user-defined limitations, wherein at least some user-defined limitations are parents to other user-defined limitations that are children of the parent.
 13. An information management system according to claim 20 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the screening mode of operation to identify user-defined limitations that are applicable only to patent claims that have been determined inapplicable to the target technology, the identifying of the user-defined limitations determined at least in part based on the claim screening data and the claim mapping data.
 14. An information management system according to claim 20 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the mapping mode of operation to automatically determine if one or more user-defined limitations are applicable to a patent claim other than the claim or claims the user-defined limitation is already mapped to.
 15. An information management system according to claim 20 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate in the mapping mode of operation to enable a user of the system to either choose an existing user-defined limitation to map to a claim or to map a new user-defined limitation to a claim on-the-fly.
 16. An information management system according to claim 20 further wherein the user-defined limitations are organized in a catalog represented by the limitation data.
 17. An information management system according to claim 25 further wherein the machine-readable computer instructions stored at least in part in the memory are operable when executed by the central processing unit to cause the computer system to operate to enable a user to merge user-defined limitations in the catalog.
 18. An information management system according to claim 20 wherein the limitation data specifies a limit on the scope of a claim element of one of the claims.
 19. An information management system according to claim 20 wherein the limitation data specifies a limit on the overall scope of one of the claims. 